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Initial tests include: FBC and film Serum ferritin Serum folate Reticulocyte count if anaemia or macrocytosis Intrinsic factor antibodies (lab will reflexly test if low B12 levels)

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Abbreviations α-SMA Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin ACC Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase AFLD Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ALD Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease ALI Acute Lung Injury ALT Alanine Aminotransferase AMPK Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase AREs Antioxidant Responsive Elements ASH Alcoholic Steatohepatitis AST Aspartate Aminotransferase CCL4 Carbon Tetrachloride 4 CD Cluster of Differentiation ChoRE Carbohydrate Response Element ChREBP Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein CO Carbon Monoxide CPT1 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 DAMPs Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns DNL De Novo Lipogenesis ECM Extracellular Matrix ERS Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress FAO Fatty Acid Oxidation FASN Fatty Acid Synthase FFA Free Fatty Acid G6PD Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase GRP78 Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 GSH Glutathione HCC Hepatocellular Cancer HFD High-Fat Diet HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1 HSC Hepatic Stellate Cell IL-6 Interleukin-6 IκB Inhibitor of κB JAZF1 Juxtaposed with Another Zinc Finger Protein 1 Keap1 Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 LKB1 Liver Kinase B1 LPS Lipopolysaccharide M1 Macrophage 1 MASH Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis MASLD Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease MFN2 Mitofusin 2 NA Nicotinic acid NAD + Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (reduced form) NAM Nicotinamide NAMN Nicotinic Acid Mononucleotide NAMPT Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis NF-κB Nuclear Factor-κB NMN Nicotinamide Mononucleotide NMNAT Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase NMNH Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Hydrogen NNMT Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase NO Nitric Oxide NR Nicotinamide Riboside NRF2 Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NRH Dihydronicotinamide Riboside NSDP Nisoldipine Derivative PARP1 Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 PGC-1α Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha PPARα Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha QAPRT Quinolinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase RAGE Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SARM1 Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif Containing 1 SOD Superoxide Dismutase SREBP-1c Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1c TCA Tricarboxylic Acid TG Triglycerides TLR4 Toll-Like Receptor 4 TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha UPR Unfolded Protein Response Author contributions YXG and YTW performed literature investigation and wrote the manuscript